![]() If you’re using a transistor to amplify a signal, the transistor is said to be operating in the “active” or “linear” region. Remember, transistors can operate either as an amplifier or a switch. How do you do that? Well, keep reading.īefore we start, it should be noted that we’ll be using the transistor as a simple switch and not as an amplifier. Of course, in order to make this circuit function properly, you have to calculate the correct resistor values for R C and R B. If you hook up +5 volts to Vcc in this circuit and pulse the input terminal (Vin) with +5V, 0V, +5V, etc., the LED will flash on and off accordingly. It shows a typical general-purpose (NPN) transistor/LED circuit. So, let’s begin! A TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH Don’t worry, there’s nothing more challenging here than multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. With that in mind, let’s take a look at one of those simple and ubiquitous circuits: the transistor switch. What should be important is presenting the subject of electronics in such a way that makes it easy for anyone to learn. Unfortunately, the answer to the blame question is beyond the scope of this article. Who do we blame for this abysmal dropout rate - students, teachers, or curriculum? Andrew Carnegie was once asked, "What's more important: labor, capital, or brains?" His reply was, "What's the most important leg on a three-legged stool?" Throw in a course on calculus and you'll witness a raging stampede for the exit door. If I remember correctly (back in the 17th century), half of the people in my electronics class dropped out after the first semester. ![]() If the real world test gives very good result compared to its initial specification, a printed circuit board will be designed for final product implementation.Sometimes understanding how the simplest of electronic circuits work can be intimidating and/or confusing for the student, hobbyist, or novice. SPICE and Multisim will be used to help simulating the design of the amplifier before implementing it on a breadboard for real world test. The first stage of common-emitter will be the workhouse where most of the voltage gain will be obtained from this stage whereas the second stage of common-emitter will not be deliver high gain, instead it will be used for inverting signal and adjusting the output resistance. The amplifier consists of two common-emitter stages. Moreover, the amplifier should deliver highest efficiency with smallest number of components (i.e. The amplifier should have a good linearity and efficiency when the frequency range of input signal is around 1kHz. In this project, a two-stage amplifier will be implemented using two BJT NPN 2N2222 to give 20 times of voltage gain, 600Ω of input resistance, and 16Ω of output resistance. During the design process of an amplifier, there are several figures of merit that must be taken into account: gain, frequency range (bandwidth), efficiency, linearity, SNR, slew rate, and stability. BJT, MOSFET) or inside an integrated circuit. ![]() An amplifier can be implemented using discrete components (i.e. An amplifier can amplify signal in specific frequency and with specific gain (i.e. ![]() Abstract-Amplification is a fundamental part in modern electronic circuits.
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